Occasionally tabby patterns of black and brown (eumelanistic) and red (phaeomelanistic) colours are also seen. Dilution genes may modify the colouring, lightening the fur to a mix of cream and blue, lilac or fawn the markings on tortoiseshell cats are usually asymmetrical. Typically, the more white that a cat has, the more solid the patches of colour. The size of the patches can vary from a fine speckled pattern to large areas of colour. Tortoiseshell cats have particoloured coats with patches of various shades of red, grey, and black, and sometimes white. Patterns Cat with a blue ("dilute") tortoiseshell coat A tortoiseshell with characteristic "split-face" pattern This pattern is especially preferred in the Japanese Bobtail breed, and exists in the Cornish Rex group. Tortoiseshell markings appear in many different breeds, as well as in non-purebred domestic cats. Those that are predominantly white with tortoiseshell patches are described as tricolour, tortoiseshell-and-white, or calico (in Canada and the United States). "Tortoiseshell" is typically reserved for multicoloured cats with relatively small or no white markings. Tortoiseshell cats with the tabby pattern as one of their colours are sometimes referred to as torbies or torbie cats. The colours are often described as red and black, but the "red" patches can instead be orange, yellow, or cream, and the "black" can instead be chocolate, grey, tabby, or blue. Tortoiseshell cats combine two colours other than white, either closely mixed or in larger patches. Male tortoiseshells are rare and are usually sterile. Like tortoiseshell-and-white or calico cats, tortoiseshell cats are almost exclusively female. Tortoiseshell is a cat coat colouring named for its similarity to tortoiseshell pattern.
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